Tuesday 29 March 2022

An introduction to the music of the Hebrew Bible

I wonder if I have ever written an introduction to this topic: The music embedded in the text of the Hebrew Bible. 

I have certainly done the 60 second elevator pitch. And people nod politely, and sometimes show real interest. I have also written and explained how it works - but that's like taking a music lesson, and people might want to just listen.

But let's say you have had the elevator pitch and you want to take the time to actually hear performances and get a real sense of what it is like and the extent of variation that is possible even within the limits of the deciphering key. I think the music page says to you - here it all is, find the specifics for yourself. That's not such an easy job. So here's the 40 minute intro. 

Start at the beginning. [But you can of course hear these in any sequence you like] Here is a full 12 minute performance of the first chapter of Genesis. The performer is the French soprano, Esther Lemandier. Ah - I hear the problem. It's all in Hebrew. And it's not traditional. So if you are familiar the chanting of the synagogue, it will be a strange melody. And if you are not, it will sound like nothing you may ever have heard.

But listen - and if you read music, here is a score.

Next I would have you hear an English version of Isaiah 12, the psalm for the lectionary (Year C, 23rd Sunday after Pentecost.). This is arranged for cantor, choir, and congregation. This performance was four years ago at St John the Divine, Victoria. The setting was used again this past year. The choir is under the leadership of David Stratkauskis. The cantor was Anne van der Sloot. 

So you can see that there is some potential for the usage of this ancient music today. The score is here.

Now for something quite different, this is the elegy (4 minutes) that David wrote on the death of Saul and Jonathan, performed on public radio sometime in the '90s. Did David sing it this way? I certainly can't say. But someone composed it for this passage of 2 Samuel. And it fits.

As an illustration of how the music can be developed and arranged, I have done a few psalms that have been performed each with a brief introduction to the deciphering key of Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura. Both these are sung by the Choral Scholars of St John the Divine, Victoria, BC, Canada under the direction of David Stratkauskis. 

Psalms 145, verses Het to Samech, (8-14) (7.5 minutes) and Psalms 100. (7.5 minutes)

Finally, I invite you to hear a robust performance of Psalms 29 (3 minutes) performed by Chanticleer on public radio. Original score here. My arrangements are tame compared to this. I haven't dared to work with that particular mode. 

Much more is available to researcher, composer, or performer. I myself have not heard all that there is to hear. It's time I did.

Saturday 26 March 2022

When were verses invented in the Hebrew Bible?

 First thing to note is that verses are absolutely present in the Aleppo Codex and earlier manuscripts containing the te'amim.

The New testament verse divisions are much later as indicated anecdotally by Bart Ehrman recently. But the precedent is set for division of verses as early as the musical accents of the Hebrew Bible were introduced. 

Numbering them is a different issue. But there is little doubt that they have been there for the music from at least this time and I suspect considerably earlier.

Ex 20:7 part of the Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanu dated 916 CE

Music defines the verses in the Old Testament. This is an absolute rule.

The Karaites also used the te'amim in the Arabic versions of the Hebrew Bible. Here is part of  a fragment of Exodus (chapter 1:1-8:5) written in Arabic characters - directly transcribed from the Hebrew.

Karaite ms - note the clear te-amim - 10th c CE

Wednesday 23 March 2022

Spec for translating Unicode to MusicXML part 3

The remaining ornaments (accents above the text) are a series of notes relative to the reciting note. 

In principle any melisma could be coded. Those for the Haïk-Vantoura deciphering key never require more than triplets and eighth notes.

Slur numbers cycling from '1' to '5' for this single line of music conform to the MusicXML spec.

Note that ornaments do not have any absolute pitches. They are all relative to the current reciting note.
Examples are in the music support files here. Also there are many of Haïk-Vantoura's original documents and books available here. There are other parts to my implementation defined several years ago, e.g. mode here

This is a difficult process because the ornaments are varied in names, hard to remember in Unicode, and not easily identifiable in the MusicXML. Triplets can be identified by searching for <time-modification>. Other eighth notes by <duration>3. Note that the note class is not a fixed duration when performing. All the performances in their raw form are recitative - though there will be strong rhythmic identities depending on the syllable pulses or narrative word rhythms in the language itself.

There are additional issues for an automated transcription app in the data that may be provided in a copy and paste from various sites: e.g. the coding sequence of vowels and cantillation, (these can be done wrongly) and various characters that are irrelevant to the music that may need to be replaced before parsing. It is possible to identify and display ketiv and qere but not really useful for the music. I coded this but eventually suppressed the feature.

Input requires at minimum, a line of text in Hebrew, a mode (can be determined from the book, one of the 21, or one of the 3, and for Job only, chapter, and for the narrator, verse#.) The mode can default or can be specified in some form. These could be handled with user settings.

Ornament Full name

 ֙

qad qadma
<note><pitch><step>[reciting note]</step>
<octave>[reciting note]</octave></pitch>
<duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice>
<type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="1"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>[begin|middle|end]</syllabic><text>him</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>[reciting note + 1]</step>
<octave>[of reciting note + 1]</octave></pitch>
<duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice>
<type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="1"/></notations>
</note>

֨ 

pas pashta
<note><pitch><step>[reciting note] + 1</step>
<octave>[of reciting note + 1]</octave></pitch>
<duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice>
<type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="1"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>[begin|middle|end]</syllabic><text>[text]</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>[reciting note]</step>
<octave>[reciting note]</octave></pitch>
<duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice>
<type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="1"/></notations>
</note>

֜ 

ger geresh
<note><pitch><step>[reciting note]</step>
<octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="4"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>[begin|middle|end]</syllabic>
<text>[text]</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>[reciting note]+2</step>
<octave>5</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="4"/></notations>
</note>

֝֗ 

ger-rev revia-mugrash
Example from psalm 1 measure 10
<direction placement="above"><direction-type>
<words font-size="12"> &#1500;&#1461;&#1437;&#1510;&#1460;&#1431;&#1497;&#1501;
</words></direction-type></direction>
<note><pitch><step>A</step>
<octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="4"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>begin</syllabic>
<text>lei</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>F</step>
<alter>1</alter><octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="4"/></notations>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>E</step>
<octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="5"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>end</syllabic>
<text>tsim</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>F</step>
<alter>1</alter><octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="5"/></notations>
</note> 

 ֗

rev revia
Example from Genesis 2:5 (prose -0-1; in poetry -1-0)
<note><pitch><step>B</step>
<octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="5"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>end</syllabic><text>deh</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>A</step>
<octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="5"/></notations>
</note>   

֞ 

tar tarsin
+2+0+2 example of a triplet (Gen 2:8) - reciting note is e - all other triplets are similarly coded.
Given the mode, e.g. 'C4 D4 E4 F4 G4#A4 B4 C5 D5 E5 F5 '
ascend and descend the scale to get note and octave with a loop.
<note><pitch><step>G</step>
<alter>1</alter><octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>2</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<time-modification><actual-notes>3</actual-notes>
<normal-notes>2</normal-notes></time-modification>
<notations><slur type="start" number="4"/>
<tuplet number="4" type = "start" bracket="no" show-number="none" /></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>end</syllabic><text>ta</text></lyric>
</note>

<note><pitch><step>E</step>
<octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>2</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<time-modification><actual-notes>3</actual-notes>
<normal-notes>2</normal-notes></time-modification>
</note>

<note><pitch><step>G</step>
<alter>1</alter><octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>2</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<time-modification><actual-notes>3</actual-notes>
<normal-notes>2</normal-notes></time-modification>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="4"/>
<tuplet number="4" type = "stop" bracket="no" show-number="none" /></notations>
</note>

֡ 

paz pazer
+2+1

 ֔

z-q zaqef-qatan
-1

 ֕

z-g zaqef-gadol
-1-2

֒ 

seg segol
-1-0-1 

֘ 

zar zarqa, tsinnor
-1+1-0 - indicates that the ornament resolves to the original reciting note

 ֩

t-q telisha qetana
+1+2+3

 ֠

t-g telisha gedolah
+3+2+1

 ֟

qar qarne farah
+1+2+3+3+2+1 pair of triplets all on the same syllable

 ֓

shl shalshalet
-3-2-1

 ֬

ill illuy
+4

 ֫

ole ole
+3+0 poetry only. Ole-veyored is a combination of over and under accents - as cadence
Two accents in sequence - example from Psalm 1 measure 4-5 רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים  
<measure number="4">
...
<direction placement="above"><direction-type>
<words font-size="12"> &#1512;&#1456;&#1513;&#1473;&#1464;&#1451;&#1506;&#1460;&#1445;&#1497;&#1501;
</words></direction-type></direction>
<note><pitch><step>D</step><alter>1</alter><octave>4</octave>
</pitch><duration>6</duration><voice>1</voice>
<type>quarter</type>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>begin</syllabic><text>re</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>G</step>
<octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="3"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>middle</syllabic><text>sha</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>D</step>
<alter>1</alter><octave>4</octave></pitch><duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice><type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="3"/></notations>
</note>
<barline location="right">
<bar-style>dotted</bar-style>
</barline>
</measure>
<measure number="5">
<note><pitch><step>F</step><alter>1</alter><octave>4</octave>
</pitch><duration>6</duration><voice>1</voice>
<type>quarter</type>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>end</syllabic><text>im</text></lyric>
</note>

Tuesday 22 March 2022

Spec for translating Unicode to MusicXML part 2

 Now it's time to deal with each of the te'amim and see their xml output. We have seen 4 examples in the first post here

The silluq translates to this (All the Unicode is here.) The silluq is the pattern for all the changes in reciting note.

<note>
<pitch>
<step>E</step>
<octave>4</octave>
</pitch>
<duration>6</duration>
<voice>1</voice>
<type>quarter</type>
<lyric number="1">
<syllabic>[begin|middle|end]</syllabic>
<text>[syllable of text here]</text>
</lyric>
</note>

The only problem with the silluq is that Unicode does not distinguish silluq from gaya or metheg. These last two, if you can identify them, should be ignored. Because they were invented by the copying process over the last 1000 years as a pronunciation guide for some initial closed syllables. They are not music. This is the only sign that is subject to fuzzy logic. Even Delitzsch says that no one knows the rules for metheg. Lambdin more or less agrees. Gesenius is fantastically complex. But none of these Hebrew teachers was a musician who knew what the signs below the text represented - so they didn't know what they were looking at. The Unicode designers followed the confusion.

The Accents of the Hebrew Bible relating to the Music
Below the text
Recitation Accent name XML output where different from above
c

 ֧

darga
<step>C</step><octave>4</octave>
d

 ֢ ֛

galgal (prose), tevir (poetry)
<step>D</step><octave>4</octave>
e

 ֽ

silluq see above for the pattern for all signs below the text
f

֥ 

merkha
<step>F</step><octave>4</octave>
g

 ֭

tifha, (d’khi)
<step>G</step><octave>4</octave>
A

 ֑

atnah
<step>A</step><octave>5</octave>
B

֣ 

munah
<step>E</step><octave>5</octave>
C

 ֚

mahpakh, (yetiv)
<step>C</step><octave>5</octave>
dm

 ֦

double merkha, kefulah == merkha above
The ornaments above the text require that the program 'follow' the music and shape the ornament. A good example is the qadma - I will say more about the parameters in the next post.

 ֙


<note><pitch><step>[reciting note]</step>
<octave>[reciting note]</octave></pitch>
<duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice>
<type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="start" number="1"/></notations>
<lyric number="1"><syllabic>[begin|middle|end]</syllabic>
<text>him</text></lyric>
</note>
<note><pitch><step>[reciting note + 1]</step>
<octave>[of reciting note + 1]</octave></pitch>
<duration>3</duration>
<voice>1</voice>
<type>eighth</type>
<notations><slur type="stop" number="1"/></notations>
</note>
The resulting music is like this:
The third syllable with qadma