Thursday, 25 April 2013

Memorizing the Psalms - 3 (26-34)

In this series, I am considering strategies for memorizing all the psalms of the Hebrew Psalter. The first has to do with hearing the first few words of a psalm (not always unique). Along with this is the observing of a story line in the sequence of psalms.

We have seen to date the first 10, and the second 15, continuing the theme of refuge and containing a series concerning the elect from Psalm 18-24. Here are the next 9, from Psalm 26 to Psalm 34 in book 1, ending with the third acrostic.
שָׁפְטֵנִי יְהוָה כִּי אֲנִי בְּתֻמִּי הָלַכְתִּי 26:1Judge me יהוה for I myself have walked in my completeness
יְהוָה אוֹרִי וְיִשְׁעִי מִמִּי אִירָא27:1יהוה my light and my salvation whom will I fear?
אֵלֶיךָ יְהוָה אֶקְרָא 28:1To you יהוה will I call
הָבוּ לַיהוָה בְּנֵי אֵלִים29:1Ascribe to יהוה children of gods
אֲרוֹמִמְךָ יְהוָה30:2I will exalt you יהוה 
בְּךָ יְהוָה חָסִיתִי31:2In you יהוה I take refuge
אַשְׁרֵי נְשׂוּי פֶּשַׁע32:1happy transgression borne away
רַנְּנוּ צַדִּיקִים בַּיהוָה33:1Shout for joy, righteous ones, in יהוה 
אֲבָרְכָה אֶת יְהוָה בְּכָל עֵת34:2I will bless יהוה at all times
  • Psalm 26 is bold  in our ears. Who would invite judgment? Note how it recalls the central portion of Psalm 18 and the language of Psalm 1.
  • The central verse 7 of Psalm 27, Hear יהוה my voice, I will call // and be gracious to me and answer me, repeats the requests of Psalms 3 and 4.
  • 28 is a plea that יהוה not be silent.
  • 29 responds with the voice of יהוה. Voice occurs 7 times in this poem.
  • 30 is praise for healing and the poet sings and so is also not mute.
  • 31 continues the statement of refuge and trust in יהוה.
  • 32 is cited by Paul in Romans and contains instruction concerning horses and mules. 
  • 33, a poem that has no inscription, stands out among the psalms inscribed 'of David' (3 to 41). It is the first to instruct the singing of a new song. This poem is worthy of the celebratory acrostic that follows.
  • 34, recalling the madness of taste, (the inscription and verse 9, Hebrew numbering) closes this section. Its words strongly reflect those of Psalm 33.

Monday, 15 April 2013

11X Cyril, 12X Theodoret of Cyrus

This is the last of the series, (for the moment) on Brevard Childs' The Struggle to understand ISAIAH as Christian Scripture.

Of Cyril, (c 378-444), Childs comments on the literal and spiritual senses of Scripture according to Cyril, that precisely what he means by literal is not immediately obvious. Twice Childs says that Cyril has 20 different terms for the literal and 20 different terms for the spiritual - but Childs never lists them. Perhaps this is because he is reporting on the work of Kerrigan - and reporting the work of another (as I am doing) can leave much out. But he does report a few: the literal includes what is perceived by the senses, including the legal, material prosperity, ordinary things of the earth, animals, plants, food; the spiritual includes truth, value, the hidden, the spiritual (?). This is not very helpful. Self-inclusive taxonomies are always suspect. Eventually he comes to the position of Neall - that the spiritual is Christological.
The Old Testament is certainly the source of divine illumination, but it is also accompanied by shadows. Therefore it is not to be compared with the unadulterated light radiated by Christ. Its light is compared to that of the moon, while the gospel shines with the brightness of the noonday sun... The law is perfect and imperfect as one and the same... perfect if it is understood spiritually (since it speaks to us of Christ's mystery); imperfect if the mind of those who are being instructed does not go beyond the letter...
I find this summary, quite frankly, somewhat appalling. We are being blinded by a darkness of words, and there is no fire to purge the air. If indeed God is in Christ, which I believe, then the same God is in the examples that are written for us. God lives in his metaphors and makes them real in those who seek. And of course you know that whoever seeks, finds. This is how the Spirit works, hearing and learning - not by formula and mistranslation.

Childs has better luck in my opinion with a sermon of Cyril's on the rod of Isaiah 11:3.

Of Theodoret (of Cyrus) ... I will continue my study of the ancient and modern voices of Christian prejudice at a later date - hopefully.

8X - Eusebius, 9X - Jerome, 10X - Chrysostom

I have returned my books to the library for a rest. But I must give you at least a briefest of summaries continuing the series, on Brevard Childs' The Struggle to understand ISAIAH as Christian Scripture.

Eusebius of Caesarea (c 260-340) is best known for his Ecclesiastical History and his Onomasticon, but recently "an almost complete commentary on Isaiah, long thought lost," has been discovered. In the spirit of his times, Childs writes, Eusebius "focuses his attention, above all, on showing that the message of the Old Testament was consistent in its promise of God's blessing to the nations who form God's new people into a godly polity."

I guess we shouldn't be surprised at this successionist position. It was the default position up until the middle of the last century.

Eusebius appears to have relegated allegory to the periphery of his interpretive work, but also to have used it. E.g. with respect to the prophecy concerning (not against) Egypt in Isaiah 19:1, he interprets it "according to its 'historical sense' ... as the body that he received when formed through the Holy Spirit by the blessed virgin." I suppose this is more Christological rather than allegorical, but it is not literal as is his interpretation of Isaiah 19:4, where "the hand of a hard master is literally fulfilled ... when, at the end of the Ptolemaic rule, Egypt was conquered by the Romans." And this too is long-distance (400 years) after the fact attribution, hardly a historical reading, but more a shot in the dark.

Of Jerome, the part I noted on my first reading remains the highlight for me. That is his careful attention to grammar and philology. So in Isaiah 6:6, he recognizes an ambiguity "of whether the seraphim covered God's face and feet or their own with their wings". The KJV preserves the ambiguity. Most other translations switch to plural their rather than his. Ottley notes that the LXX switches to the plural. But Isaiah needs protection from the fire, so it would make sense that the angels who always behold the face of God, would cover his face on behalf of the human.

Of the honey-tongued Chrysostom, his concern with the poor and the helpless speaks well of him. With respect to allegory in relation to the Song of the Vineyard (Isaiah 5), he writes: "We ourselves are not the lords over the rules of interpretation, but must pursue scriptures' understanding of itself, and in that may make use of the allegorical method. ... This is everywhere a rule in Scripture: when it wants to allegorize, it tells the interpreters of the allegory, so that the passage will not be interpreted superficially. ... For Chrysostom, a proper use of allegory is to recognize the figurative dimension implied by the text itself."

Saturday, 13 April 2013

How does Arabic poetry behave as rhetoric compared to Hebrew poetry?

Y'all know of course that Arabic and Hebrew are cognate languages.

Many Arabic and Hebrew words are the same. The prepositions and pronouns behave similarly, and verbal forms are not too dissimilar. E.g. your house:
Modern Standard Arabic certainly contains enclitic pronouns. These are pronouns that function syntactically like independent morphemes but which are phonologically dependent upon other morphemes. Enclitics come after their host morpheme (as opposed to proclitics and mesoclitics which do what their names imply). So, in Arabic you have bayt-u-ka (house-Nominative-marker-2nd person masculine singular pronoun) = your house. [from Dr. Marcus Tomalin via email.]
Another example is seen in the first word below: bismi - in the name of bi-sm-i. prefix b, the same as Hebrew meaning 'in', root sm, similar to the Hebrew shem, suffix i, like the Hebrew construct. The text below is the first four words of the Koran. In English: In the name of Allah, compassionate, merciful. [updated]

Over the past several weeks I have had conversations with a colleague about Arabic so I have begun to experiment a little. I have organized my software to present Arabic in its tables (having learned a little about the alphabet over the last week or two) so that I can perform some rhetorical analysis on the words, somewhat like this.

Word123VsRoot
بِسْمِ
░
1سمو
اللَّهِ
░
1اله
الرَّحْمَنِ
░
1رحم
الرَّحِيمِ
░
1رحم

I haven't much data yet.  If you would like to submit some data, please leave me a comment. I need about 70 words to do a proper experiment. For each Arabic word, I need the word, and the root of the word in Arabic and in transcription (or do just the Arabic - I may be able to figure the transcription out myself - good exercise).



Friday, 12 April 2013

The God of war and violence

There is an exploration about God and violence here. In order to keep 'inspiration', the writer, Jeremy Myers, has to invoke a bit of double-think. That God inspired the error in Scripture.

I agree that this gets around the problem but what does it mean but that we have to put our brains in gear to read history. (Scripture is historical - but much of it didn't happen of course.)

Jeremy recognizes that the theological advice of Job's friends is suspect. This is the first step towards reading Job as parable. Yes, the man there was from the land of Uz is a parable, a once-upon-a-time story. The second step is to see in the opening of Job a direct confrontation with the theology of Deuteronomy 28. Ticciati (Job and the Disruption of Identity) contends that what is "at stake in the book of Job is ... the Deuteronomic Covenant itself." So this book has much in common with e.g. Psalm 89 where the promises to David are questioned. Job can even be seen as an image of Israel during its trial in exile. Just to touch on the direct allusions to the covenant, consider the successive destruction of Job's livestock and children, Deuteronomy 28:31-32 and the final straw, Job 2:7 echoes Deuteronomy 28:35. All this in the context of blessings and cursings.

The third step is to realize that the book of Job describes itself as parable. Therefore the 'history' is irrelevant. What is history about Job is that this discourse was written some 2500 or so years ago. They wrote literature in those days too. Job is a literary setup to argue a point or two of theology.  To read it as life is to make it a horror story. Such a reading completely undermines the tenderness in this text.

Part of the theological problem is a set of words which are indefinable: God, spirit, divine, inspired, etc. These rapidly become a house of cards within our thought process, because in thinking, writing, and conversation, the indefinable is poorly used.  Example: use the divine passive (safe) rather than God as subject of a sentence (unsafe).  The divine passive is safe because the actor remains indeterminate.  Theological discourse is a knife-edge.

So what do I do with my warrior King? (Exodus 15:3).
יְהוָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה יְהוָ֖ה שְׁמֹֽו. 
And what will I do with Amalek? (Exodus 17:16).
וַיֹּ֗אמֶר כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַיהוָ֖ה בַּֽעֲמָלֵ֑ק מִדֹּ֖ר דֹּֽר
This is a fascinating phrase - literally: And he said, for the hand on the throne of Yah (not the full name) is war in Amalek from generation to generation.

(Whose hand is on the throne of Yah?) I also ponder that command among many to destroy the Amalekites. Surely we have here a comment that borders on allegory directly in the Scripture itself - just as Job attacks the assumptions of Deuteronomy.  If you will have it, Egypt is the world, and Amalek the flesh. But the allegory is a rationalization (slight improvement on double-think). We must somehow find the tenderness in the warrior.

I said in a recent post,
The character of the Lord is again determined by his actions, frequently listed in the psalms, and never (outside the recitals of the canonical history and the eschatological hope) are they violent or creating the poor and the displaced. The God who promises is not a God who fulfills promises by violence.
Then I said - I had work to do to substantiate this. Well, I think I can. There is this way of putting it:

The God who becomes incarnate takes all violence into himself. (Careful, this is not a long distance cop-out).

So - who is this God who becomes incarnate? When did this God start doing this? God's violence is attributed to God by the Biblical writers. From the point of view of Israel, escape from slavery was God's work. Egypt reaped its just reward. (And God was grieved.) Once redeemed, the people rebel and spend some time reaping their own consequences. (And God was grieved. Read Psalm 78.) Their weakness is exemplified in the objectivized enemy, Amalek.

Yet God still plants the people in their land. In the land, enemies abound, troubles are plentiful, the people want a king, and the king takes full advantage of power. (And God was grieved.) The line of kings fails (Psalm 89). The people are exiled. Turning the captivity of Israel is frequent in the psalms (e.g. 14, 53, one of the doubled psalms). The destruction of the enemy is Israel's prayer but it takes time to realize how much of the enemy is in themselves.

We have this canonical history, a history of a rebellious and self-serving people with rebellious and self-serving leaders and a history of violent redemption attributed to God. Is this to be an example of redemption for the world, an example of good and evil, of love and destruction, of merciful and merciless? What else does one do with children who have to learn good and evil? What then are we to learn from this canonical example, wrenched out of a violent history?

Why should we have any hope with such an example? Perhaps it is just the wonder of the tenderness that is shown to us through others who care. Is the final hope still subject to violence because the violent and self-serving still manage to get their way in this life?  What is the consequence? The destruction of the earth as described by Isaiah 24:6 - probably reflecting an observer in war.  I noted the rhetoric of this passage here. You can ignore the funny letters - just look at the shape. 24:6 is right in the middle - and does it not describe the lust for wealth and the consequence for the earth and for us?  Do not our actions today result in injustice that will bring about a similar result?

Who will deliver us then?  The God who takes on the consequences of all violence? That is the theory of the incarnation but maybe there is no deus ex machina acting here, but rather the God of Psalm 146 - whose present action is restoration and healing and who achieves this result through the actions of a people who have learned mercy (Psalm 149). If we imitate those actions in the ongoing present tense that are attributed to God, then we too will be taking on the healing of the world rather than its destruction.

But wait - what if I don't want to, um, take on the violence of this world? It's more than a bit inconvenient. I prefer to use avoidance strategies. There is an argument for delay. Healing takes time too. Wait for the right time, but obey the command when it comes - Don't be like horse and mule (Psalm 32). In the canonical story of the new song, even Jesus slipped away from the crowds (who would have thrown him off a cliff, Luke 4:29), or let others take the heat when the moment was not right (as at the death of the innocents when Rachel was weeping for her children, Matthew 2:18).

Wednesday, 10 April 2013

Memorizing the Psalms - 2 (11-25)

The Psalter is a poetic record of a story -
  • of an invitation (1-2), a king-poet-musician-beloved named David (whose psalms dominate Book 1 - 3 to 32, 34 to 41 and who has at least 1 psalm in every book), 
  • a people who are in exile but who continue in hope (42-72), 
  • a people whose monarchy failed (73-89), 
  • a people who pray in the spirit and tradition of Moses and whose Ruler is Yhwh (90-106), 
  • a people who have learned mercy and can administer it under the instruction of their covenant with this God (107-150).
Each of these groupings is bounded by a doxology. But the chunks are too big to memorize all at once. It's a month's food. Indigestion follows if one tries to eat it all at once. In my first post on this subject, I noted the coherence of the first lines for the first 10 psalms. Each of Books 1 and 5 contains four strategically placed acrostic poems.  Psalms 9-10 are the first acrostic. The next step then in Book 1 then is from Psalm 11 to 25, the second acrostic. Here are the snippets of the first verses.
בַּיהוָה חָסִיתִי11:1In יהוה I take refuge
הוֹשִׁיעָה יְהוָה כִּי גָמַר חָסִיד12:2Save יהוה for obliterated is the merciful one
עַד אָנָה יְהוָה תִּשְׁכָּחֵנִי 13:2How long please יהוה will you forget me?
אָמַר נָבָל בְּלִבּוֹ14:1Senseless said in its heart
יְהוָה מִי יָגוּר בְּאָהֳלֶךָ15:1יהוה who will guest in your tent?
שָׁמְרֵנִי אֵל כִּי חָסִיתִי בָךְ16:1Keep me O God for I take refuge in you.
שִׁמְעָה יְהוָה צֶדֶק17:1Hear יהוה righteousness
אֶרְחָמְךָ יְהוָה חִזְקִי18:2I am passionate about you יהוה my courage
הַשָּׁמַיִם מְסַפְּרִים כְּבוֹד אֵל19:2The heavens recount the glory of God
יַעַנְךָ יְהוָה בְּיוֹם צָרָה20:2יהוה answer you in the day of trouble
יְהוָה בְּעָזְּךָ יִשְׂמַח מֶלֶךְ21:2יהוה in your strength a king is glad
אֵלִי אֵלִי לָמָה עֲזַבְתָּנִי22:2My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?
יְהוָה רֹעִי23:1יהוה is my shepherd
לַיהוָה הָאָרֶץ24:1The earth is יהוה's
לְדָוִד אֵלֶיךָ יְהוָה נַפְשִׁי אֶשָּׂא אֱלֹהַי 25:1א I will lift up my self to you יהוה my God
One of the things you notice right away is that the Hebrew verses have different numbers from the English. The first text beyond the inscription is sometimes part of verse 1 and sometimes verse 2 (or even as far away as verse 3). The reason for this is that the inscription may be a complete musical phrase in itself (as in Psalm 12) or it may be just the beginning of a musical phrase (as in Psalm 14). I have not retained the whole verse as a mnemonic. Remember how short the Latin titles for the psalms are. So these 15 psalms reduce to a short list.

Which of these psalms reflect something of the first 10? See the  first post. Notice how

  • 11 and 16 recall the refuge of Psalm 7. Refuge, a desirable outcome (see the closing verses of Psalms 2 and 5), is a learned experience that we will see at the beginning of several Psalms. 
  • 12 is a plea for salvation for even the elect is obliterated. The inner frame is the children of humanity, recalling Psalm 8.
  • 13 asks how long please? 
  • 14 describes the senseless - for whom God is of no account. 
  • 15 recalls Psalm 1 as if the sequence is responding to that invitation.
  • 16 notes God's role in the act of refuge.
  • 17 reveals much of the poet's desire, the poet defines righteousness. The central verse again concerns refuge.
  • 18 has a unique passion. 
  • 19 is about creation (and Torah). 
  • 20 is a prayer for the king. 
  • 21 is the response. 
  • 22 is trouble but ends in worship. 
  • 23 is respite. 
  • 24 records who owns the land and a triumphant entry commanding the gates to lift up their heads. 
  • 25 is the celebratory acrostic. Notice the immediate reference to lift up in Psalm 24 and the closing reference to refuge. 

A question arises - why are these poems in this order? The whole sequence is framed by refuge. In addition, Psalms 18 to 24 introduce passion, teaching, prayer, response, trouble, respite, and triumph. A central component for consideration is the section from Psalm 18, verses 20 to 25. You will find it here as part of my presentation on the structure of the Psalter.

Saturday, 6 April 2013

Isaiah 24:1-13 - The Apocalypse - recurrence patterns

How does one see patterns? Are they really there? Or are they an accident?

What this pattern analysis does is to see if the Hebrew has any particular shape and then to see if the Greek (or any other translation) uses the same repetition, or at least respects the rhetoric - and sometimes it does and sometimes it doesn't.

So what is the shape of the Hebrew? Is it materially different from the shapes observable in the Psalms? In the psalms I look for circles, concentric or intersecting, and what they surround. I also look for verses that have very low recurrence. I observe focus - the last recurring pair (wine in this case - curious eh?), and words that recur several times.

I did a bit of the music for this passage too with a stark English translation. [redone 5 years later. One can see the reaching and assumptions in the earlier work. Some poor underlay and some interesting rests, manually done in the score in contrast to the automated version to be developed.]

 First - and somewhat obvious: I notice that the earth (ארץ) is frequently used in this passage.  But is it the earth or the land?  They are both the same in Hebrew.  You can see that the Greek has not been quite consistent. But besides the earth there are the inhabitants - I will bet the music is mournful. It begins with a descending major third.
Selected recurring words (more than three times). 
Word and gloss * first usage12VsRoot
הארץ τὴν οἰκουμένην
░
1ארץ
ישׁביה τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας ἐν αὐτῇ
░
1ישׁב
הארץ ἡ γῆ
░
3ארץ
הארץ ἡ γῆ
░
4ארץ
הארץ τῆς γῆς
░
4ארץ
והארץ ἡ δὲ γῆ
░
5ארץ
ישׁביה κατοικοῦντας αὐτήν
░
5ישׁב
ארץ τὴν γῆν
░
6ארץ
ישׁבי οἱ κατοικοῦντες
░
6ישׁב
ישׁבי οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες
░
6ישׁב
ארץ ἐν τῇ γῇ
░
6ארץ
הארץ τῆς γῆς
░
11ארץ
הארץ τῇ γῇ
░
13ארץ
There is a feature in verses 7 to 11. It shows the circles surrounding the key verse that the prophet is preaching or that the liturgist is singing about.
Selected recurring words (7 to 11).
Word and gloss * first usage12345VsRoot
כל πάντες
░
7כל
שׂמחי οἱ εὐφραινόμενοι
░
7שׂמח
שׁבת πέπαυται
░
8שׁבת
משׂושׂ εὐφροσύνη
░
8שׂושׂ
שׁבת πέπαυται
░
8שׁבת
משׂושׂ φωνὴ
░
8שׂושׂ
יין οἶνον
░
9יין
כל
░
10כל
היין τοῦ οἴνου
░
11יין
כל πᾶσα
░
11כל
שׂמחה εὐφροσύνη
░
11שׂמח
משׂושׂ --
░
11שׂושׂ
What verses are sparse with respect to recurrence?  Verses 9 and 10 have only one recurring word each. So the feature in verses 7 to 11 is confirmed, the central verse being verse 10. Here's the Greek of Isaiah 24:10 in Ottley's translation
Every city is made desolate; it shall shut up the house, that none come in.
This verse is surrounded by intersecting circles: all - gladness - joy - and the concentric wine.

There are several words used twice only that show a different pattern: a succession of pairs. Note that groups of verses are defined now by specific frames: Lord, mourning, left. Two of these overlap, reinforcing the therefore.
Selected recurring words (twice only)
Word and gloss * first usage123456789101VsRoot
יהוה Κύριος
░
1יהוה
כמלוה καὶ ὁ δανίζων
░
2לוה
כלוה ὡς ὁ δανιζόμενος
░
2לוה
והבוז καὶ προνομῇ
░
3בזז
תבז προνομευθήσεται ἡ γῆ
░
3בזז
יהוה Κυρίου
░
3יהוה
דבר στόμα
░
3דבר
הדבר ἐλάλησεν
░
3דבר
אבלה ἐπένθησεν
░
4אבל
נבלה --
░
4נבל
נבלה --
░
4נבל
כן τοῦτο
░
6כן
כן τοῦτο
░
6כן
ונשׁאר καὶ καταλειφθήσονται
░
6שׁאר
אבל πενθήσει
░
7אבל
שׂמחי οἱ εὐφραινόμενοι
░
7שׂמח
שׁבת πέπαυται
░
8שׁבת
שׁבת πέπαυται
░
8שׁבת
יין οἶνον
░
9יין
היין τοῦ οἴνου
░
11יין
שׂמחה εὐφροσύνη
░
11שׂמח
נשׁאר καὶ καταλειφθήσονται
░
12שׁאר

Wednesday, 3 April 2013

Call and answer, appeal and response, vocal engagement in the Psalms

In English, of course, we have many synonyms for appeal: call, listen, lend an ear, bend an ear, ask, supplicate, cry out, cry for help. And lots more that one could find with an online thesaurus.  Similarly in Hebrew there are several related words. In both languages, they all may have slightly different nuances. It might not be that the same word in Hebrew should be used for the same word in English. But perhaps, the nuance of Hebrew can be mapped synonym by synonym to English, or perhaps not. Who really knows since we have no native speakers of ancient Hebrew any more, certainly none who also speak English.

For some time I have been thinking of writing on the call and answer theme in the Psalms. It is so fundamental to our thinking about engagement with another. The actual response, the actual call, and their circumstances might be different in every case. How would we think about each case? How about our own situations?

One of the earliest monographs that I read on the psalms was on the word group around refuge: Creach, Jerome F. D. (1996). Yahweh as Refuge and the Editing of the Hebrew Psalter. I remember this as a very clear introduction and I would probably get much more from it now than I did when I first read it. Refuge is not call and answer - but these two areas of interest are strongly related in the Psalms. The raw data - considering call-answer and refuge, a grouping I am now calling 'engage', is listed below. It is too much to take in all at once.

Notice though a few initial points:
  • ask and give and refuge are defined in the first two psalms, themselves the introduction to the whole Psalter. The tree gives its fruit in its time; the anointed is given the inheritance of the nations; and it is in יהוה (the LORD referred to by Name) that there is refuge.
  • If you trace ask, (do a find ctrl-f in your browser to help see the occurrences of any word) you will find that ask has a certain ambivalence. It is possible to ask in rebellion or in mockery. Ask is positive in Psalms 2, 21 and 27, negative in Psalm 78 and its reflection in 105, positive in Psalm 122 (where it is usually translated pray), and negative in 137.
  • then we have those introductory individual psalms (3 to 7) where the individual learns that refuge is both holy and necessary, the holy being unapproachable at first, but a mandatory given the invitation.
  • In Psalm 9, a new word in this semantic field appears: a crying out, (צעק) a word that is not used again till Psalm 34, then not again till the two preparatory psalms (77 for the massive redemption history in 78, and 88 for great lament of 89). This cry out anticipates the opening of Book 5, Psalm 107, where it recurs for each example of trouble and rescue. It almost matches the spelling of appeal (זעק) in Psalm 142, this one spelled with a zayin and the first with a tsade. Curiouser and curiouser, said Alice.
  • One wants to note then, given the first appeal to refuge in Psalm 7 (from the anger of Psalm 6), where else does the psalmist claim such refuge?  Several psalms (11, 16, 18, 31 [my], 46 [our], 57, 71, 91, 144) have refuge in their first verses. Refuge may be for the individual or for the people. Notice, if you know the psalms in another translation, that refuge does not appear in the psalm of Moses (90), Lord thou has been our refuge (Coverdale). אֲדנֹּי מעוֹן אַתה היִיתָ לּנוּ. Well, I would not translate ma`on habitation, as refuge, especially when it is a word game in the psalm, a play on נעַֹּם (no`am) in verse 17, pleasure.
  • the words I want to consider are the hear-answer pair, and the vocal response of the silent God (consider the voice of Psalm 29 in response to the plea of Psalm 28). It appears that hear+answer is more common in the Davidic framework for the whole Psalter and in the Psalms with David in the inscription even in the middle books of the Psalter. In fact, it is most common in Book 1 (Psalms 1-41). The claiming of an answer is stronger in the beginning of Book 1 than at the end of Book 5. But praise is dominant in Book 5 where the appeal for an answer is also strong. Curious again...
  • Psalm 138, the beginning of the final David collection, also reflects the memory of a response In the day I called and you answered me... I reflect on the last verse of Psalm 97 as a result of this all to brief set of notes: be glad in יהוה you righteous ones and give thanks for the remembrance of his holiness.
  • Psalm 139 needs no appeal, for the poet is in the presence and knows it. 
  • Psalm 145:19 claims the promise of hearing their cry. 
  • In the final praises (146-150), the poet calls the reader to answer יהוה with thanksgiving, sing a psalm to our God upon a harp - and that harp may be interpreted (though not the same word in this case) as our own instrument as Donne so delightfully noted in his poem that I quoted last week.
Word usage for roots assigned to engage: call, answer, etc + refuge
Word and gloss * first usage12345678910123ChRoot
יתן gives [its fruit in its time]
░
1.3נתן
שׁאל ask [of me]
░
2.8שׁאל
ואתנה and I give [you the nations]
░
2.8נתן
חוסי who take refuge [in him]
░
2.12חסה
קולי my voice
░
3.5קול
אקרא I call
░
3.5קרא
ויענני and he answers me
░
3.5ענה
* בקראי when I call
░
4.2קרא
ענני answer me
░
4.2ענה
חנני be gracious
░
4.2חנן
* ושׁמע and hear
░
4.2שׁמע
* ישׁמע will hear
░
4.4שׁמע
* בקראי when I call
░
4.4קרא
נתתה you have given [gladness in my heart]
░
4.8נתן
האזינה give ear to
░
5.2אזן
* לקול to the voice of
░
5.3קול
שׁועי my cry
░
5.3שׁוע
תשׁמע you will hear
░
5.4שׁמע
* קולי my voice
░
5.4קול
חוסי who take refuge
░
5.12חסה
* חנני be gracious to me
░
6.3חנן
שׁמע has heard
░
6.9שׁמע
קול the voice of
░
6.9קול
שׁמע hears
░
6.10שׁמע
* תחנתי my supplication
░
6.10חנן
חסיתי [in you] I take refuge
░
7.2חסה
תונה is chanted
░
8.2נתן
צעקת the outcry of
░
9.13צעק
חננני Have mercy, be gracious to me
░
9.14חנן
לתת to give
░
10.14נתן
שׁמעת you have heard
░
10.17שׁמע
אזנך your ear
░
10.17אזן
חסיתי I take refuge
░
11.1חסה
ענני answer me
░
13.4ענה
קראו they do call
░
14.4קרא
מחסהו is their refuge
░
14.6חסה
יתן will be given
░
14.7נתן
נתן he does loan
░
15.5נתן
חסיתי I take refuge
░
16.1חסה
תתן you will permit
░
16.10נתן
שׁמעה hear
░
17.1שׁמע
* האזינה Give ear to
░
17.1אזן
קראתיך I have called you
░
17.6קרא
תענני you answer
░
17.6ענה
* אזנך your ear
░
17.6אזן
שׁמע hear
░
17.6שׁמע
חוסים those who take refuge
░
17.7חסה
* אחסה I will take refuge
░
18.3חסה
אקרא I will call
░
18.4קרא
אקרא I call upon
░
18.7קרא
* אשׁוע I cry for help
░
18.7שׁוע
ישׁמע he hears
░
18.7שׁמע
קולי my voice
░
18.7קול
* ושׁועתי and my cry
░
18.7שׁוע
באזניו into his ears
░
18.7אזן
* יתן gives
░
18.14נתן
קלו his voice
░
18.14קול
* החסים who take refuge
░
18.31חסה
* ויתן and he gives
░
18.33נתן
* ותתן and you gave
░
18.36נתן
* נתתה you have given
░
18.41נתן
* ישׁועו they will cry for help
░
18.42שׁוע
ענם he did answer them
░
18.42ענה
לשׁמע hearing by
░
18.45שׁמע
אזן ear
░
18.45אזן
ישׁמעו they will hear
░
18.45שׁמע
* הנותן gives
░
18.48נתן
נשׁמע is heard
░
19.4שׁמע
קולם their voice
░
19.4קול
* יענך answer you
░
20.2ענה
יתן may he give
░
20.5נתן
משׁאלותיך your requests
░
20.6שׁאל
* יענהו he will answer
░
20.7ענה
* יעננו let answer us
░
20.10ענה
קראנו our call
░
20.10קרא
נתתה you have given
░
21.3נתן
שׁאל he asked
░
21.5שׁאל
נתתה you have given
░
21.5נתן
* שׁאגתי my roaring
░
22.2שׁאג
אקרא I call
░
22.3קרא
תענה you do answer
░
22.3ענה
זעקו they appealed
░
22.6זעק
* ושׁאג and roaring
░
22.14שׁאג
עניתני you have answered me
░
22.22ענה
ובשׁועו but when he cried
░
22.25שׁוע
שׁמע he heard
░
22.25שׁמע
וחנני and be gracious to me
░
25.16חנן
חסיתי I take refuge
░
25.20חסה
לשׁמע to proclaim
░
26.7שׁמע
בקול with a voice of
░
26.7קול
וחנני and be gracious to me
░
26.11חנן
שׁאלתי I have asked
░
27.4שׁאל
שׁמע hear
░
27.7שׁמע
קולי my voice
░
27.7קול
אקרא I will call
░
27.7קרא
וחנני and be gracious to me
░
27.7חנן
וענני and answer me
░
27.7ענה
תתנני do give me
░
27.12נתן
אקרא will I call
░
28.1קרא
שׁמע hear
░
28.2שׁמע
קול the voice of
░
28.2קול
תחנוני my supplication
░
28.2חנן
בשׁועי when I cry
░
28.2שׁוע
תן give
░
28.4נתן
תן give
░
28.4נתן
שׁמע he has heard
░
28.6שׁמע
קול the voice of
░
28.6קול
תחנוני my supplication
░
28.6חנן
קול the voice of
░
29.3קול
קול the voice of
░
29.4קול
קול the voice of
░
29.4קול
קול the voice of
░
29.5קול
קול the voice of
░
29.7קול
קול the voice of
░
29.8קול
קול the voice of
░
29.9קול
יתן will give
░
29.11נתן
שׁועתי I cried
░
30.3שׁוע
אקרא I will call
░
30.9קרא
אתחנן I continue supplication
░
30.9חנן
שׁמע hear
░
30.11שׁמע
וחנני and be gracious
░
30.11חנן
חסיתי I take refuge
░
31.2חסה
אזנך your ear
░
31.3אזן
חנני be gracious to me
░
31.10חנן
שׁמעתי I have heard
░
31.14שׁמע
קראתיך for I have called you
░
31.18קרא
לחסים for those who take
░
31.20חסה
שׁמעת you heard
░
31.23שׁמע
קול the voice of
░
31.23קול
תחנוני my supplication
░
31.23חנן
בשׁועי when I cried
░
31.23שׁוע
בשׁאגתי in my roaring
░
32.3שׁאג
נתן giving
░
33.7נתן
ישׁמעו will hear
░
34.3שׁמע
וענני and he answered me
░
34.5ענה
קרא calls
░
34.7קרא
שׁמע hears
░
34.7שׁמע
יחסה that takes refuge
░
34.9חסה
שׁמעו hear - listen
░
34.12שׁמע
ואזניו and his ears
░
34.16אזן
שׁועתם their cry for help
░
34.16שׁוע
צעקו tza! they cry out
░
34.18צעק
שׁמע hears
░
34.18שׁמע
החסים who take refuge
░
34.23חסה
לקראת the call of
░
35.3קרא
ישׁאלוני they inquire of me
░
35.11שׁאל
יחסיון take refuge
░
36.8חסה
ויתן and he will give
░
37.4נתן
משׁאלת the requests
░
37.4שׁאל
חונן gracious
░
37.21חנן
ונותן and giving
░
37.21נתן
חונן he is gracious
░
37.26חנן
חסו they take refuge
░
37.40חסה
שׁאגתי I have roared
░
38.9שׁאג
אשׁמע will hear
░
38.14שׁמע
שׁמע does hear
░
38.15שׁמע
תענה will respond
░
38.16ענה
נתתה you have given as
░
39.6נתן
שׁמעה hear
░
39.13שׁמע
ושׁועתי and to my cry
░
39.13שׁוע
האזינה give ear
░
39.13אזן
וישׁמע and he heard
░
40.2שׁמע
שׁועתי my cry
░
40.2שׁוע
ויתן and he gave
░
40.4נתן
אזנים ears
░
40.7אזן
שׁאלת you did require
░
40.7שׁאל
תתנהו you will give him
░
41.3נתן
חנני be gracious to me
░
41.5חנן
חנני be gracious to me
░
41.11חנן
בקול with a voice of
░
42.5קול
קורא calling
░
42.8קרא
לקול to the voice of
░
42.8קול
באזנינו with our ears
░
44.2אזן
שׁמענו we have heard
░
44.2שׁמע
תתננו you have given us
░
44.12נתן
מקול from a voice of
░
44.17קול
חן graciousness
░
45.3חנן
שׁמעי hear
░
45.11שׁמע
אזנך your ear
░
45.11אזן
מחסה refuge
░
46.2חסה
נתן he gives
░
46.7נתן
בקולו with his voice
░
46.7קול
בקול with a voice of
░
47.2קול
בקול with the voice of
░
47.6קול
שׁמענו we have heard
░
48.9שׁמע
שׁמעו hear
░
49.2שׁמע
האזינו lend an ear
░
49.2אזן
אזני my ear
░
49.5אזן
יתן give
░
49.8נתן
קראו they call
░
49.12קרא
ויקרא and he called
░
50.1קרא
יקרא he will call
░
50.4קרא
שׁמעה hear
░
50.7שׁמע
וקראני and call on me
░
50.15קרא
תתן you assign
░
50.20נתן
נתן Nathan
░
51.2נתן
חנני Be gracious to me
░
51.3חנן
תשׁמיעני make me to hear
░
51.10שׁמע
ואתנה or else I would give it
░
51.18נתן
קראו they do call
░
53.5קרא
יתן will be given
░
53.7נתן
שׁמע hear
░
54.4שׁמע
האזינה and give ear
░
54.4אזן
האזינה give ear
░
55.2אזן
מתחנתי from my supplication
░
55.2חנן
וענני and answer me
░
55.3ענה
מקול from the voice of
░
55.4קול
יתן will give
░
55.7נתן
אקרא I will call
░
55.17קרא
וישׁמע and he will hear
░
55.18שׁמע
קולי my voice
░
55.18קול
ישׁמע will hear
░
55.20שׁמע
ויענם and will answer them
░
55.20ענה
יתן he will let
░
55.23נתן
חנני be gracious to me
░
56.2חנן
אקרא I call
░
56.10קרא
חנני be gracious to me
░
57.2חנן
חנני be gracious to me
░
57.2חנן
חסיה is refuge for
░
57.2חסה
אחסה I make my refuge
░
57.2חסה
אקרא I will call
░
57.3קרא
אזנו his ear
░
58.5אזן
ישׁמע will hear
░
58.6שׁמע
לקול the voice of
░
58.6קול
לקראתי to my call
░
59.5קרא
תחן do be gracious to
░
59.6חנן
שׁמע is to hear
░
59.8שׁמע
נתתה you give
░
60.6נתן
וענני and answer me
░
60.7ענה
שׁמעה Hear
░
61.2שׁמע
אקרא I will call
░
61.3קרא
מחסה refuge
░
61.4חסה
אחסה I will take refuge
░
61.5חסה
שׁמעת have heard
░
61.6שׁמע
נתת you give
░
61.6נתן
מחסי my refuge
░
62.8חסה
מחסה is a refuge
░
62.9חסה
במאזנים in the balance
░
62.10אזן
שׁמעתי I heard
░
62.12שׁמע
שׁמע hear
░
64.2שׁמע
קולי my voice
░
64.2קול
וחסה and will take refuge
░
64.11חסה
שׁמע the one who hears
░
65.3שׁמע
תעננו you will answer us
░
65.6ענה
והשׁמיעו and make heard
░
66.8שׁמע
קול the voice of
░
66.8קול
נתן does let
░
66.9נתן
שׁמעו and hear
░
66.16שׁמע
קראתי called
░
66.17קרא
ישׁמע will hear
░
66.18שׁמע
שׁמע has heard
░
66.19שׁמע
בקול with the voice of
░
66.19קול
יחננו will be gracious to us
░
67.2חנן
נתנה has given
░
67.7נתן
יתן gave
░
68.12נתן
יתן he gives
░
68.34נתן
בקולו with his voice
░
68.34קול
קול a voice of
░
68.34קול
תנו give
░
68.35נתן
נתן he gives
░
68.36נתן
בקראי in my calling
░
69.4קרא
ואתנה and I gave myself
░
69.12נתן
ענני answer me
░
69.14ענה
ענני answer me
░
69.17ענה
ענני answer me
░
69.18ענה
ויתנו and they give
░
69.22נתן
תנה give
░
69.28נתן
שׁמע hears
░
69.34שׁמע
חסיתי I take refuge
░
71.1חסה
אזנך your ear
░
71.2אזן
מחסי are my refuge
░
71.7חסה
תן give
░
72.1נתן
משׁוע when he cries
░
72.12שׁוע
ויתן and he will give
░
72.15נתן
מחסי my refuge
░
73.28חסה
שׁאגו roar
░
74.4שׁאג
תתננו you gave him
░
74.14נתן
תתן do give
░
74.19נתן
קול the voice of
░
74.23קול
השׁמעת you made heard
░
76.9שׁמע
קולי my voice
░
77.2קול
ואצעקה and I cried out
░
77.2צעק
קולי my voice
░
77.2קול
והאזין and he listened
░
77.2אזן
חנות grace
░
77.10חנן
קול voice
░
77.18קול
נתנו give
░
77.18נתן
קול the voice of
░
77.19קול
האזינה listen to
░
78.1אזן
אזנכם your ears
░
78.1אזן
שׁמענו we have heard
░
78.3שׁמע
לשׁאל by asking
░
78.18שׁאל
תת give
░
78.20נתן
שׁמע heard
░
78.21שׁמע
נתן he gave
░
78.24נתן
ויתן and he gave
░
78.46נתן
שׁמע heard
░
78.59שׁמע
ויתן and he gave
░
78.61נתן
נתן he gave
░
78.66נתן
נתנו they have given
░
79.2נתן
קראו do call
░
79.6קרא
האזינה give ear
░
80.2אזן
נקרא we will call
░
80.19קרא
ותנו and play
░
81.3נתן
אשׁמע I hear
░
81.6שׁמע
קראת you called
░
81.8קרא
אענך I answered you
░
81.8ענה
שׁמע hear
░
81.9שׁמע
תשׁמע you will hear
░
81.9שׁמע
שׁמע did hear
░
81.12שׁמע
לקולי my voice
░
81.12קול
שׁמע heard
░
81.14שׁמע
וישׁמעאלים and Ishmaelites
░
83.7שׁמע
שׁמעה hear
░
84.9שׁמע
האזינה give ear
░
84.9אזן
חן grace
░
84.12חנן
יתן will give
░
84.12נתן
תתן give
░
85.8נתן
אשׁמעה I will hear
░
85.9שׁמע
יתן gives
░
85.13נתן
תתן gives
░
85.13נתן
אזנך your ear
░
86.1אזן
ענני and answer me
░
86.1ענה
חנני be gracious to me
░
86.3חנן
אקרא I call
░
86.3קרא
קראיך calling on you
░
86.5קרא
האזינה give ear
░
86.6אזן
בקול with the voice of
░
86.6קול
תחנונותי my supplication
░
86.6חנן
אקראך I will call on you
░
86.7קרא
תענני you will answer me
░
86.7ענה
וחנון and gracious
░
86.15חנן
וחנני and be gracious to me
░
86.16חנן
תנה give
░
86.16נתן
צעקתי I cry out
░
88.2צעק
אזנך your ear
░
88.3אזן
קראתיך I call you
░
88.10קרא
שׁועתי I cry
░
88.14שׁוע
יעננו will answer him
░
89.23ענה
יקראני will call to me
░
89.27קרא
אתנהו will make him
░
89.28נתן
מחסי my refuge
░
91.2חסה
תחסה you will take refuge
░
91.4חסה
מחסי are my refuge
░
91.9חסה
יקראני he will call me
░
91.15קרא
ואענהו and I will answer him
░
91.15ענה
תשׁמענה has heard
░
92.12שׁמע
אזני my ear
░
92.12אזן
קולם their voice
░
93.3קול
מקלות from the voices of
░
93.4קול
אזן the ear
░
94.9אזן
ישׁמע he hear
░
94.9שׁמע
מחסי refuge
░
94.22חסה
בקלו with his voice
░
95.7קול
תשׁמעו you hear
░
95.7שׁמע
שׁמעה heard
░
97.8שׁמע
וקול and voice
░
98.5קול
וקול and the voice of
░
98.6קול
בקראי among those calling on
░
99.6קרא
קראים they called
░
99.6קרא
יענם answered them
░
99.6ענה
נתן he gave
░
99.7נתן
עניתם answered them
░
99.8ענה
שׁמעה hear
░
102.2שׁמע
ושׁועתי and let my cry for help
░
102.2שׁוע
אזנך your ear
░
102.3אזן
אקרא I call
░
102.3קרא
ענני answer me
░
102.3ענה
מקול from the voice of
░
102.6קול
לחננה to be gracious to her
░
102.14חנן
יחננו they grace
░
102.15חנן
לשׁמע to hear
░
102.21שׁמע
וחנון and gracious is
░
103.8חנן
לשׁמע hearing
░
103.20שׁמע
בקול with the voice of
░
103.20קול
קול the voice of
░
104.7קול
יתנו it gives
░
104.12נתן
קול voice
░
104.12קול
מחסה a refuge
░
104.18חסה
שׁאגים roar
░
104.21שׁאג
לתת to give
░
104.27נתן
תתן you give
░
104.28נתן
קראו call
░
105.1קרא
אתן I will give
░
105.11נתן
ויקרא and he called
░
105.16קרא
נתן he gave
░
105.32נתן
שׁאל asked
░
105.40שׁאל
ויתן and he gave
░
105.44נתן
ישׁמיע or make be heard
░
106.2שׁמע
ויתן and he gave
░
106.15נתן
שׁאלתם their requests
░
106.15שׁאל
שׁמעו they did hear
░
106.25שׁמע
בקול with the voice of
░
106.25קול
ויתנם and he gave them
░
106.41נתן
בשׁמעו when he heard
░
106.44שׁמע
ויתן and he demonstrated
░
106.46נתן
* ויצעקו and they cry out
░
107.6צעק
* ויצעקו and they cry out
░
107.13צעק
* ויצעקו and they cry out
░
107.19צעק
* ויצעקו and they cry out
░
107.28צעק
וענני and answer me
░
108.6ענה
ושׁאלו and let them beg
░
109.10שׁאל
חונן grace
░
109.12חנן
חנון how gracious
░
111.4חנן
נתן he gives
░
111.5נתן
לתת letting have
░
111.6נתן
חנון he is gracious
░
112.4חנן
חונן gracious
░
112.5חנן
משׁמועה messages of
░
112.7שׁמע
נתן he gives
░
112.9נתן
תן give
░
115.1נתן
אזנים ears
░
115.6אזן
ישׁמעו hear
░
115.6שׁמע
נתן he has given
░
115.16נתן
ישׁמע heard
░
116.1שׁמע
קולי the voice of
░
116.1קול
תחנוני my supplication
░
116.1חנן
אזנו his ear
░
116.2אזן
אקרא I will call
░
116.2קרא
אקרא I will call
░
116.4קרא
חנון gracious is
░
116.5חנן
אקרא I will call
░
116.13קרא
אקרא I will call
░
116.17קרא
קראתי I called
░
118.5קרא
ענני answered me
░
118.5ענה
לחסות it is to take refuge
░
118.8חסה
לחסות it is to take refuge
░
118.9חסה
קול a voice of
░
118.15קול
נתנני did he give me
░
118.18נתן
עניתני you have answered me
░
118.21ענה
ותענני and you answered me
░
119.26ענה
חנני and grace me with
░
119.29חנן
ואענה with which I will answer
░
119.42ענה
חנני be gracious to me
░
119.58חנן
נתנו netted
░
119.110נתן
וחנני and be gracious to me
░
119.132חנן
קראתי queried I
░
119.145קרא
ענני answer me
░
119.145ענה
קראתיך queried I you
░
119.146קרא
ואשׁועה and I cried for help
░
119.147שׁוע
קולי quest of mine
░
119.149קול
שׁמעה hear
░
119.149שׁמע
תחנתי my supplication
░
119.170חנן
תען will answer
░
119.172ענה
קראתי I call
░
120.1קרא
ויענני and he answers me
░
120.1ענה
יתן gives
░
120.3נתן
יתן he will let
░
121.3נתן
שׁאלו ask
░
122.6שׁאל
שׁיחננו he will be gracious to us
░
123.2חנן
חננו be gracious to us
░
123.3חנן
חננו be gracious to us
░
123.3חנן
נתננו has given us
░
124.6נתן
יתן he gives
░
127.2נתן
קראתיך I call to you
░
130.1קרא
שׁמעה hear
░
130.2שׁמע
בקולי with my voice
░
130.2קול
אזניך your ears
░
130.2אזן
לקול to the voice of
░
130.2קול
תחנוני my supplication
░
130.2חנן
אתן will I let
░
132.4נתן
שׁמענוה we heard of it
░
132.6שׁמע
ונתן and gave
░
135.12נתן
אזנים ears
░
135.17אזן
יאזינו they don't listen
░
135.17אזן
ונתן and gave
░
136.21נתן
נתן giving
░
136.25נתן
שׁאלונו asked us
░
137.3שׁאל
קראתי I called
░
138.3קרא
ותענני and you answered me
░
138.3ענה
שׁמעו they have heard
░
138.4שׁמע
האזינה give ear to
░
140.7אזן
קול the voice of
░
140.7קול
תחנוני my supplication
░
140.7חנן
תתן grant
░
140.9נתן
קראתיך I call to you
░
141.1קרא
האזינה give ear to
░
141.1אזן
קולי my voice
░
141.1קול
בקראי when I call
░
141.1קרא
ושׁמעו then they will hear
░
141.6שׁמע
חסיתי I take refuge
░
141.8חסה
קולי my voice
░
142.2קול
* אזעק I will appeal
░
142.2זעק
קולי my voice
░
142.2קול
אתחנן I will supplicate
░
142.2חנן
* זעקתי I appealed
░
142.6זעק
מחסי my refuge
░
142.6חסה
שׁמע hear
░
143.1שׁמע
האזינה give ear
░
143.1אזן
תחנוני my supplication
░
143.1חנן
ענני answer me
░
143.1ענה
ענני answer me
░
143.7ענה
השׁמיעני make me hear
░
143.8שׁמע
חסיתי I have taken refuge
░
144.2חסה
הנותן giving
░
144.10נתן
חנון How gracious
░
145.8חנן
נותן give
░
145.15נתן
קראיו calling him
░
145.18קרא
יקראהו call him
░
145.18קרא
שׁועתם their cry
░
145.19שׁוע
ישׁמע he will hear
░
145.19שׁמע
נתן giving
░
146.7נתן
יקרא he calls
░
147.4קרא
ענו answer
░
147.7ענה
נותן giving
░
147.9נתן
יקראו call
░
147.9קרא
הנתן this one who gives
░
147.16נתן
נתן he gave
░
148.6נתן
שׁמע to be heard
░
150.5שׁמע