Accent count
I count 26 accents in the table below. There are 31 noted in the Unicode table here. 4 are functionally the same, and one, the circle, is not a musical symbol.
Many of these 26 are very rarely used, kefulah for instance, only 14 times. qarne only 16 times.
The Accents of the Hebrew Bible
relating to the Music. Updated table here.
|
|||||
Below the text
|
Above the text
|
||||
Reciting
Note
|
Accent name
|
Ornament relative
to the reciting note
|
Full name of the ornament
|
||
c
|
֧
|
darga
|
֝֗
|
ger-rev
|
revia-mugrash
|
d
|
֢
|
galgal, tevir
|
֨
|
pas
|
pashta
|
e
|
ֽ
|
silluq
|
֜
|
ger
|
geresh
|
f
|
֥
|
merkha
|
֞
|
tar
|
tarsin
|
g
|
֭
|
tifha, (d'khi)
|
֡
|
paz
|
pazer
|
A
|
֑
|
atnah
|
֔
|
z-q
|
zaqef-qatan
|
B
|
֣
|
munah
|
֕
|
z-g
|
zaqef-gadol
|
C
|
֚
|
mahpakh, yetiv
|
֙
|
qad
|
qadma
|
dm
|
֦
|
double merkha, kefulah
|
֒
|
seg
|
segol
|
֘
|
zar
|
zarqa, tsinnor
|
|||
֩
|
t-q
|
telisha qetana
|
|||
֠
|
t-g
|
telisha gedolah
|
|||
֟
|
qar
|
qarne farah
|
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֓
|
shl
|
shalshalet
|
|||
֬
|
ill
|
illuy
|
|||
֫
|
ole
|
ole
|
|||
֗
|
rev
|
revia
|
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There are 1513 sequences used more than twice and 14,790 unique sequences. So Burns must be using sequence in a different sense if he numbers them in the 70-80 range. I wonder if I can discover why he says this.
Perhaps he is decomposing the sequences of approach to the Atnah and return from there to the silluq in the nested hierarchies that accent scholars are so fond of.
Can I think of an easy way to disentangle the music and find subsets of the sequences approaching the Atnah? If I remove the ornaments, I will not miss things that Burns would find significant because his hierarchy is entirely composed of accents below the text, i.e. the substance of the musical line. (That alone is significant).
So there are a limited number of ways to get from the start of the verse to A. The note just prior to A could be c, d, e, f, g, B, or C. We know A only occurs once per verse. So 7 possibilities here, C A, B A, g A, etc. If we take just one of them, g A, it happens in 9,256 verses. There are 2,229 distinct phrases with g A as part of them (tifha-atnah).
A little more poking about forces me to consider up to four notes at a time. There are 83 such combinations that occur in the text as music to approach the atnah. If I extend it to five notes, there are 201 combinations used. And bear in mind that I am ignoring the effects of all accents above the text.
Back up a bit. Obviously the combinations increase as I extend the number of notes. If I try just the last three notes before the rest, there are 27 ways actually used out of 42 (7x6) possibilities. How many of each, I wonder?
These are the counts of the approach to the atnah in all the books together, just counting the two, three, and four note sequences. So out of 210 possible sequences, we have 97 used. For the unique ones, I have put a reference in. For the common ones, there is too much data to list without writing a program to aggregate them. This is still oversimplifying the problem since there are 939 distinct sequences to the mid point rest where it exists.
Sequence of accents prior to the atnah, Number of verses
| f g B A | f-mer g-tif B-mun A-atn | 1894 | ... |
| B g B A | B-mun g-tif B-mun A-atn | 1768 | ... |
| e g B A | e-sil g-tif B-mun A-atn | 1177 | ... |
| e f g A | e-sil f-mer g-tif A-atn | 926 | ... |
| e B g A | e-sil B-mun g-tif A-atn | 832 | ... |
| B f g A | B-mun f-mer g-tif A-atn | 823 | ... |
| d f g A | d-gal f-mer g-tif A-atn | 633 | ... |
| g B A | g-tif B-mun A-atn | 615 | ... |
| e B A | e-sil B-mun A-atn | 602 | ... |
| e g A | e-sil g-tif A-atn | 498 | ... |
| e f A | e-sil f-mer A-atn | 478 | ... |
| C B g A | C-mph B-mun g-tif A-atn | 394 | ... |
| d g B A | d-gal g-tif B-mun A-atn | 377 | ... |
| C g B A | C-mph g-tif B-mun A-atn | 341 | ... |
| C f g A | C-mph f-mer g-tif A-atn | 305 | ... |
| f e g A | f-mer e-sil g-tif A-atn | 213 | ... |
| g B e A | g-tif B-mun e-sil A-atn | 198 | ... |
| B g e A | B-mun g-tif e-sil A-atn | 196 | ... |
| f g e A | f-mer g-tif e-sil A-atn | 194 | ... |
| c d g A | c-dar d-gal g-tif A-atn | 186 | ... |
| B e g A | B-mun e-sil g-tif A-atn | 169 | ... |
| e C g A | e-sil C-mph g-tif A-atn | 164 | ... |
| f d g A | f-mer d-gal g-tif A-atn | 122 | ... |
| C e g A | C-mph e-sil g-tif A-atn | 109 | ... |
| e g e A | e-sil g-tif e-sil A-atn | 105 | ... |
| B C g A | B-mun C-mph g-tif A-atn | 89 | ... |
| B g A | B-mun g-tif A-atn | 70 | ... |
| g e B A | g-tif e-sil B-mun A-atn | 69 | ... |
| C B A | C-mph B-mun A-atn | 66 | ... |
| e f e A | e-sil f-mer e-sil A-atn | 66 | ... |
| e C B A | e-sil C-mph B-mun A-atn | 51 | ... |
| f B g A | f-mer B-mun g-tif A-atn | 48 | ... |
| f g A | f-mer g-tif A-atn | 46 | ... |
| f e f A | f-mer e-sil f-mer A-atn | 45 | ... |
| d g e A | d-gal g-tif e-sil A-atn | 35 | ... |
| C e f A | C-mph e-sil f-mer A-atn | 30 | ... |
| e A | e-sil A-atn | 28 | ... |
| e C f A | e-sil C-mph f-mer A-atn | 27 | ... |
| C g e A | C-mph g-tif e-sil A-atn | 26 | ... |
| g A | g-tif A-atn | 25 | ... |
| B A | B-mun A-atn | 20 | ... |
| B e B A | B-mun e-sil B-mun A-atn | 20 | ... |
| e g f A | e-sil g-tif f-mer A-atn | 20 | ... |
| d f B A | d-gal f-mer B-mun A-atn | 19 | ... |
| e d f A | e-sil d-gal f-mer A-atn | 19 | ... |
| e f B A | e-sil f-mer B-mun A-atn | 19 | ... |
| C g A | C-mph g-tif A-atn | 18 | ... |
| e d g A | e-sil d-gal g-tif A-atn | 17 | ... |
| C e B A | C-mph e-sil B-mun A-atn | 16 | ... |
| d e g A | d-gal e-sil g-tif A-atn | 16 | ... |
| f C B A | f-mer C-mph B-mun A-atn | 16 | ... |
| f A | f-mer A-atn | 14 | ... |
| C f A | C-mph f-mer A-atn | 12 | ... |
| B d f A | B-mun d-gal f-mer A-atn | 11 | ... |
| B g f A | B-mun g-tif f-mer A-atn | 10 | ... |
| C f e A | C-mph f-mer e-sil A-atn | 9 | ... |
| e B e A | e-sil B-mun e-sil A-atn | 9 | ... |
| f e A | f-mer e-sil A-atn | 9 | ... |
| f e B A | f-mer e-sil B-mun A-atn | 9 | ... |
| c B g A | c-dar B-mun g-tif A-atn | 6 | ... |
| f C f A | f-mer C-mph f-mer A-atn | 6 | ... |
| C g f A | C-mph g-tif f-mer A-atn | 5 | ... |
| g f A | g-tif f-mer A-atn | 5 | ... |
| g f e A | g-tif f-mer e-sil A-atn | 5 | ... |
| d e f A | d-gal e-sil f-mer A-atn | 4 | ... |
| f d f A | f-mer d-gal f-mer A-atn | 4 | ... |
| C d f A | C-mph d-gal f-mer A-atn | 3 | ... |
| d C f A | d-gal C-mph f-mer A-atn | 3 | ... |
| d e B A | d-gal e-sil B-mun A-atn | 3 | ... |
| f C e A | f-mer C-mph e-sil A-atn | 3 | ... |
| g e A | g-tif e-sil A-atn | 3 | ... |
| g e f A | g-tif e-sil f-mer A-atn | 3 | ... |
| B d g A | B-mun d-gal g-tif A-atn | 2 | ... |
| B g C A | B-mun g-tif C-mph A-atn | 2 | ... |
| C C B A | C-mph C-mph B-mun A-atn | 2 | ... |
| C f B A | C-mph f-mer B-mun A-atn | 2 | ... |
| e d B A | e-sil d-gal B-mun A-atn | 2 | ... |
| f C g A | f-mer C-mph g-tif A-atn | 2 | ... |
| g f B A | g-tif f-mer B-mun A-atn | 2 | ... |
| B C f A | B-mun C-mph f-mer A-atn | 1 | Psalms 24:10 |
| B e f A | B-mun e-sil f-mer A-atn | 1 | Psalms 140:4 |
| B f e A | B-mun f-mer e-sil A-atn | 1 | Psalms 15:5 |
| C A | C-mph A-atn | 1 | Proverbs 1:9 |
| C B e A | C-mph B-mun e-sil A-atn | 1 | Proverbs 1:32 |
| C B f A | C-mph B-mun f-mer A-atn | 1 | Psalms 32:4 |
| C d B A | C-mph d-gal B-mun A-atn | 1 | Psalms 11:2 |
| C e A | C-mph e-sil A-atn | 1 | Proverbs 16:10 |
| d C B A | d-gal C-mph B-mun A-atn | 1 | Job 16:4 |
| d e C A | d-gal e-sil C-mph A-atn | 1 | Proverbs 6:3 |
| e B f A | e-sil B-mun f-mer A-atn | 1 | Job 30:1 |
| e C A | e-sil C-mph A-atn | 1 | Proverbs 6:27 |
| e C e A | e-sil C-mph e-sil A-atn | 1 | 2 Kings 5:27 |
| f B A | f-mer B-mun A-atn | 1 | Psalms 88:1 |
| f g C A | f-mer g-tif C-mph A-atn | 1 | 1 Kings 6:2 |
| g B C A | g-tif B-mun C-mph A-atn | 1 | Psalms 137:7 |
| g B f A | g-tif B-mun f-mer A-atn | 1 | Deuteronomy 5:6 |
| g C e A | g-tif C-mph e-sil A-atn | 1 | Proverbs 24:29 |
Similarly we can do a subset of the patterns of returning from the atnah to the silluq (there are 1349 patterns if we try to do them all). Here are 70 from 1 to 4 notes following the subdominant. Here I let those with just 2 examples show their reference, so a few lines are partially repeated. 64 examples in this table, including anomalies pointed out before, and one that I hadn't noted, a verse ending on the dominant.
Every note is represented within either the approach to the atnah (subdominant) or the return to the silluq (tonic). The theory hangs together well. The sequences of notes are all singable, memorable, and readable. There is still ample room for melismas in the ornaments, but the whole line is not a continuous stream of ornamentation. It has harmonic shape.
| ^A | ^A-atn | 2 | Numbers 25:19 |
| ^A | ^A-atn | 2 | Psalms 37:32 |
| ^A B | ^A-atn B-mun | 1 | Psalms 31:20 |
| ^A B C g e | ^A-atn B-mun C-mph g-tif e-sil | 42 | ... |
| ^A B d g e | ^A-atn B-mun d-gal g-tif e-sil | 3 | ... |
| ^A B d g f | ^A-atn B-mun d-gal g-tif f-mer | 1 | Deuteronomy 10:15 |
| ^A B e | ^A-atn B-mun e-sil | 388 | ... |
| ^A B e g e | ^A-atn B-mun e-sil g-tif e-sil | 107 | ... |
| ^A B f e | ^A-atn B-mun f-mer e-sil | 3 | ... |
| ^A B f g e | ^A-atn B-mun f-mer g-tif e-sil | 551 | ... |
| ^A B g e | ^A-atn B-mun g-tif e-sil | 730 | ... |
| ^A B g f e | ^A-atn B-mun g-tif f-mer e-sil | 754 | ... |
| ^A C B g e | ^A-atn C-mph B-mun g-tif e-sil | 263 | ... |
| ^A C e | ^A-atn C-mph e-sil | 25 | ... |
| ^A C e f e | ^A-atn C-mph e-sil f-mer e-sil | 2 | Psalms 146:3 |
| ^A C e f e | ^A-atn C-mph e-sil f-mer e-sil | 2 | Psalms 18:1 |
| ^A C e g e | ^A-atn C-mph e-sil g-tif e-sil | 96 | ... |
| ^A C e g f | ^A-atn C-mph e-sil g-tif f-mer | 1 | Deuteronomy 12:2 |
| ^A C f e | ^A-atn C-mph f-mer e-sil | 1 | Proverbs 27:1 |
| ^A C f g e | ^A-atn C-mph f-mer g-tif e-sil | 271 | ... |
| ^A C g | ^A-atn C-mph g-tif | 1 | Leviticus 26:28 |
| ^A C g B e | ^A-atn C-mph g-tif B-mun e-sil | 37 | ... |
| ^A C g e | ^A-atn C-mph g-tif e-sil | 235 | ... |
| ^A C g f e | ^A-atn C-mph g-tif f-mer e-sil | 282 | ... |
| ^A c B g e | ^A-atn c-dar B-mun g-tif e-sil | 2 | 2 Chronicles 34:3 |
| ^A c B g e | ^A-atn c-dar B-mun g-tif e-sil | 2 | 2 Samuel 3:32 |
| ^A c d g e | ^A-atn c-dar d-gal g-tif e-sil | 148 | ... |
| ^A d | ^A-atn d-gal | 1 | Judges 13:18 |
| ^A d f g e | ^A-atn d-gal f-mer g-tif e-sil | 427 | ... |
| ^A d g e | ^A-atn d-gal g-tif e-sil | 4 | ... |
| ^A d g f e | ^A-atn d-gal g-tif f-mer e-sil | 4 | ... |
| ^A e | ^A-atn e-sil | 670 | ... |
| ^A e B e | ^A-atn e-sil B-mun e-sil | 46 | ... |
| ^A e B g e | ^A-atn e-sil B-mun g-tif e-sil | 92 | ... |
| ^A e C e | ^A-atn e-sil C-mph e-sil | 1 | Proverbs 19:10 |
| ^A e C g e | ^A-atn e-sil C-mph g-tif e-sil | 30 | ... |
| ^A e d g e | ^A-atn e-sil d-gal g-tif e-sil | 1 | 1 Chronicles 10:9 |
| ^A e f | ^A-atn e-sil f-mer | 1 | Proverbs 24:15 |
| ^A e f B e | ^A-atn e-sil f-mer B-mun e-sil | 26 | ... |
| ^A e f e | ^A-atn e-sil f-mer e-sil | 339 | ... |
| ^A e f g e | ^A-atn e-sil f-mer g-tif e-sil | 239 | ... |
| ^A e f g f | ^A-atn e-sil f-mer g-tif f-mer | 1 | Deuteronomy 23:18 |
| ^A e g | ^A-atn e-sil g-tif | 2 | Genesis 32:24 |
| ^A e g | ^A-atn e-sil g-tif | 2 | Isaiah 13:16 |
| ^A e g B e | ^A-atn e-sil g-tif B-mun e-sil | 86 | ... |
| ^A e g e | ^A-atn e-sil g-tif e-sil | 210 | ... |
| ^A e g f e | ^A-atn e-sil g-tif f-mer e-sil | 178 | ... |
| ^A f | ^A-atn f-mer | 4 | ... |
| ^A f B e | ^A-atn f-mer B-mun e-sil | 225 | ... |
| ^A f B g e | ^A-atn f-mer B-mun g-tif e-sil | 7 | ... |
| ^A f C e | ^A-atn f-mer C-mph e-sil | 4 | ... |
| ^A f d g e | ^A-atn f-mer d-gal g-tif e-sil | 89 | ... |
| ^A f e | ^A-atn f-mer e-sil | 1429 | ... |
| ^A f e B e | ^A-atn f-mer e-sil B-mun e-sil | 7 | ... |
| ^A f e C e | ^A-atn f-mer e-sil C-mph e-sil | 1 | Psalms 127:1 |
| ^A f e f e | ^A-atn f-mer e-sil f-mer e-sil | 26 | ... |
| ^A f e g e | ^A-atn f-mer e-sil g-tif e-sil | 126 | ... |
| ^A f g | ^A-atn f-mer g-tif | 2 | Isaiah 13:7 |
| ^A f g | ^A-atn f-mer g-tif | 2 | Numbers 27:9 |
| ^A f g B e | ^A-atn f-mer g-tif B-mun e-sil | 2 | Psalms 47:5 |
| ^A f g B e | ^A-atn f-mer g-tif B-mun e-sil | 2 | Psalms 89:2 |
| ^A f g e | ^A-atn f-mer g-tif e-sil | 1576 | ... |
| ^A f g f e | ^A-atn f-mer g-tif f-mer e-sil | 1012 | ... |
| ^A g B | ^A-atn g-tif B-mun | 6 | ... |
| ^A g B e | ^A-atn g-tif B-mun e-sil | 893 | ... |
| ^A g e | ^A-atn g-tif e-sil | 1306 | ... |
| ^A g e B e | ^A-atn g-tif e-sil B-mun e-sil | 15 | ... |
| ^A g e f e | ^A-atn g-tif e-sil f-mer e-sil | 39 | ... |
| ^A g f | ^A-atn g-tif f-mer | 1 | Hosea 11:7 |
| ^A g f e | ^A-atn g-tif f-mer e-sil | 1212 | ... |
I didn't know what Burns means by sequence because my stats are significantly different from his. He uses sequence on page 55 and defines it as the music leading to the atnah and from the atnah to return to the tonic (silluq). But there are far more than seventy or eighty such musical sequences. His sequence is merkha-tifha-munah-atnah merkha-tifha-merkha-sof-pasuq. Sof-pasuq is not a note in this music. It really is punctuation. His sequence translates to (e) f g B ^A then from the A, f g f e.
His sequence occurs 3146 times and 1012 times. As you can see, using this example is an oversimplification of the problem of describing music. It's no wonder that this thinking does not lead to a breakthrough.
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