I just scanned Greenspahn, Frederick E. “The Number and Distribution of Hapax Legomena in Biblical Hebrew.” Vetus Testamentum, vol. 30, no. 1, 1980, pp. 8–19. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1517697.
Whew! What a mouthful that citation is. But it is a good article. Free to read online.
And I noted a randomly sorted list in the Jewish Encyclopedia online.
Whew! What a mouthful that citation is. But it is a good article. Free to read online.
And I noted a randomly sorted list in the Jewish Encyclopedia online.
Should this be so hard? When is one not equal to one? It depends on what you are trying to define. So I thought I would list my singular readings of a Hebrew stem having only one occurrence. I have already pointed out that accidental unique readings may be created in English glosses. These are accidents of translation. They are also slightly harder to find since my algorithm to produce a lemma from an English gloss is not 'perfected' yet. You can easily see my accidents on the glossary pages that I update every now and then (like today) to reflect recent changes. Just search for (1).
Aleph Bet Gimel Dalet Heh Vav Zayin Xet Tet Yod Kaf Lamed
Mem Nun Samek Ayin Peh Tsade Qof Resh Shin Sin Taf
The Hebrew hapaxes are also evident there but hard to isolate. I have already discovered a couple of accidents in the database that I have easily corrected, e.g. where I confused צלא with כלא. The first one does not exist as a stem. It was an accidental typo in entering the stem for a word.
Here are the Hebrew singularities (excluding names - that's a separate issue). I will do more with these - the analysis might prove interesting.
Aleph Bet Gimel Dalet Heh Vav Zayin Xet Tet Yod Kaf Lamed
Mem Nun Samek Ayin Peh Tsade Qof Resh Shin Sin Taf
The Hebrew hapaxes are also evident there but hard to isolate. I have already discovered a couple of accidents in the database that I have easily corrected, e.g. where I confused צלא with כלא. The first one does not exist as a stem. It was an accidental typo in entering the stem for a word.
Here are the Hebrew singularities (excluding names - that's a separate issue). I will do more with these - the analysis might prove interesting.
 |
| The distribution of hapax legomena in the Hebrew Bible by semantic domain |
| Book | CH | VS | Stem | Gloss | Lemma | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GENESIS | 24 | 63 | שׂוח | to ruminate | ruminate | |
| GENESIS | 25 | 30 | לעט | ladle | ladle | |
| GENESIS | 27 | 3 | תלי | your trident | trident | |
| GENESIS | 28 | 12 | סלם | a ladder | ladder | |
| GENESIS | 40 | 11 | שׂחט | and squished | squish | |
| GENESIS | 41 | 23 | צנם | frazzled | frazzle | |
| GENESIS | 48 | 16 | דגה | and let them spawn | spawn | |
| GENESIS | 49 | 17 | שׁפיפן | a horned adder | horned adder | |
| EXODUS | 3 | 2 | לבה | in a glimmer of | glimmer | |
| EXODUS | 16 | 14 | חספס | flaky stuff | flaky stuff | |
| EXODUS | 21 | 10 | עונה | and her conjugal rights | conjugal right | |
| EXODUS | 30 | 34 | שׁחלת | and onycha | onycha | |
| EXODUS | 32 | 16 | חרת | impressed | impress | |
| LEVITICUS | 11 | 22 | חרגל | the cricket | cricket | |
| LEVITICUS | 11 | 30 | לטאה | and the lizard | lizard | |
| LEVITICUS | 11 | 30 | חמט | and the snail | snail | |
| LEVITICUS | 13 | 39 | בהק | a freckle | freckle | |
| LEVITICUS | 19 | 28 | קעקע | a tattoo | tattoo | |
| LEVITICUS | 21 | 20 | אשׁך | scrotum | scrotum | |
| LEVITICUS | 26 | 16 | דוב | and to sap | sap | |
| NUMBERS | 6 | 4 | זג | husk | husk | |
| NUMBERS | 11 | 5 | אבטחים | the melons | melon | |
| NUMBERS | 11 | 5 | חציר | the leeks | leek | |
| NUMBERS | 11 | 5 | שׁום | the garlic | garlic | |
| NUMBERS | 11 | 5 | בצל | the onions | onion | |
| NUMBERS | 11 | 20 | זרא | nauseating | nauseate | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 14 | 5 | אקו | and ibex | ibex | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 22 | 8 | מעקה | a parapet | parapet | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 23 | 26 | חרמשׁ | but a machete | machete | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 27 | 9 | סכת | take heed | take heed | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 32 | 18 | שׁיה | you were unmindful of | unmindful | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 32 | 24 | מזה | gaunt of | gaunt | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 33 | 19 | שׂפן | and the mysteries | mystery | |
| DEUTERONOMY | 33 | 25 | דבא | your grit | grit | |
| JUDGES | 3 | 16 | גמד | a half-cubit in | half-cubit | |
| JUDGES | 3 | 22 | פרשׁדן | the guts | guts | |
| JUDGES | 4 | 21 | לאט | muffled | muffle | |
| JUDGES | 5 | 26 | חקה | she bashed | bash | |
| JUDGES | 16 | 16 | אלץ | and badgered him | badger | |
| 1 SAMUEL | 2 | 33 | אדב | and to make wilt | wilt | |
| 1 SAMUEL | 13 | 21 | קלשׁון | pronged fork | pronged fork | |
| 1 SAMUEL | 15 | 33 | שׁסף | hacked in pieces | hacked piece | |
| 1 SAMUEL | 17 | 6 | מצחה | and he had spats of | spat | |
| 1 SAMUEL | 21 | 9 | נחץ | pressing | press | |
| 1 SAMUEL | 30 | 28 | אשׁעמת | in Eshtimot | eshtimot | |
| 2 SAMUEL | 6 | 5 | נענע | and with sistrums | sistrum | |
| 2 SAMUEL | 13 | 9 | משׂרת | the skillet | skillet | |
| 2 SAMUEL | 19 | 25 | שׂפם | his mustache | mustache | |
| 1 KINGS | 18 | 46 | שׁנס | and he cinctured | cincture | |
| 1 KINGS | 20 | 33 | חלט | and they clinched | clinch | |
| 2 KINGS | 4 | 42 | צקלון | in his luggage | luggage | |
| 2 KINGS | 6 | 25 | דביון | seed-pods | seed-pod | |
| 2 KINGS | 10 | 22 | מלתחה | the vestments | vestment | |
| 2 KINGS | 10 | 27 | חרא | as a latrine | latrine | |
| ISAIAH | 1 | 22 | מהל | is diluted with | dilute | |
| ISAIAH | 3 | 16 | שׂקר | and ogling | ogle | |
| ISAIAH | 3 | 16 | טפף | mincing | mince | |
| ISAIAH | 3 | 18 | שׁביס | and their head-bands | head-band | |
| ISAIAH | 3 | 24 | פתיגיל | a dress-cloak | dress-cloak | |
| ISAIAH | 5 | 2 | עזק | and he barricaded it | barricade | |
| ISAIAH | 5 | 13 | צחה | sobered by | sober | |
| ISAIAH | 9 | 17 | אבך | and they will braid together | braid together | |
| ISAIAH | 9 | 18 | עתם | combusted | combust | |
| ISAIAH | 10 | 15 | משׂור | the rasp | rasp | |
| ISAIAH | 11 | 8 | הדה | will park | park | |
| ISAIAH | 11 | 15 | עים | with the vehemence of | vehemence | |
| ISAIAH | 17 | 6 | גרגר | olive berries | olive berry | |
| ISAIAH | 17 | 11 | שׂוג | you will build a hedge | build hedge | |
| ISAIAH | 18 | 5 | תזז | lopped | lop | |
| ISAIAH | 19 | 17 | חגא | for giddiness | giddiness | |
| ISAIAH | 22 | 5 | קרר | and is collapsed | collapse | |
| ISAIAH | 27 | 9 | גר | chalk | chalk | |
| ISAIAH | 32 | 4 | עלג | stammering | stammer | |
| ISAIAH | 33 | 7 | אראל | their lion-hearted | lion-heart | |
| ISAIAH | 33 | 19 | יעז | barbarous | barbarous | |
| ISAIAH | 34 | 15 | קפוז | great owl | great owl | |
| ISAIAH | 47 | 13 | הבר | the analysts of | analyst | |
| ISAIAH | 48 | 9 | חטם | I will dampen myself | dampen | |
| ISAIAH | 54 | 8 | שׁצף | in a smidgen of | smidgen | |
| ISAIAH | 55 | 13 | סרפד | a thorny shrub | thorny shrub | |
| ISAIAH | 56 | 10 | נבח | to woof | woof | |
| ISAIAH | 59 | 8 | נתיב | their ways and means | ways means | |
| ISAIAH | 61 | 1 | פקחקוח | opening of prison | opening prison | |
| ISAIAH | 64 | 1 | המס | sizzles | sizzle | |
| JEREMIAH | 4 | 31 | יפח | gasping for breath | gasping breath | |
| JEREMIAH | 5 | 8 | שׁכה | from lust | lust | |
| JEREMIAH | 5 | 27 | כלוב | as a cage | cage | |
| JEREMIAH | 10 | 7 | יאה | it is pertinent | pertinent | |
| JEREMIAH | 14 | 9 | דהם | astounded | astound | |
| JEREMIAH | 29 | 26 | צניק | the pranger | pranger | |
| JEREMIAH | 31 | 21 | צין | milestones | milestone | |
| JEREMIAH | 36 | 18 | דיו | with ink | ink | |
| JEREMIAH | 39 | 3 | סכים | personnel | personnel | |
| JEREMIAH | 47 | 3 | שׁעטה | the thud of | thud | |
| JEREMIAH | 51 | 30 | נשׁת | dumbfounded | dumbfound | |
| EZEKIEL | 2 | 6 | סרב | pricks | prick | |
| EZEKIEL | 5 | 1 | גלב | barber's | barber | |
| EZEKIEL | 7 | 7 | הד | the echo of | echo | |
| EZEKIEL | 7 | 11 | נה | merit | merit | |
| EZEKIEL | 9 | 6 | תו | is the graffiti | graffiti | |
| EZEKIEL | 16 | 40 | בתק | and massacre you | massacre | |
| EZEKIEL | 17 | 9 | קסס | will he amputate | amputate | |
| EZEKIEL | 23 | 40 | כחל | paint | paint | |
| EZEKIEL | 27 | 15 | הבני | and ebony | ebony | |
| EZEKIEL | 27 | 17 | פנג | and pastry | pastry | |
| EZEKIEL | 39 | 2 | שׁשׁא | and I will steer you on | steer | |
| EZEKIEL | 41 | 16 | שׂחף | the ceiling of | ceil | |
| HOSEA | 3 | 2 | לתך | and a bit more of | bit | |
| HOSEA | 8 | 6 | שׁבב | shattered in pieces | shattered piece | |
| JOEL | 1 | 17 | עבשׁ | rancid is | rancid | |
| JOEL | 2 | 20 | צחנה | and its stench | stench | |
| AMOS | 5 | 11 | בשׁס | you encroach | encroach | |
| AMOS | 7 | 14 | בלס | a tender of | tender | |
| MICAH | 6 | 14 | ישׁח | and your depression | depression | |
| NAHUM | 2 | 4 | פלדה | cressets | cresset | |
| NAHUM | 2 | 11 | פיק | thinned | thin | |
| HABAKKUK | 1 | 9 | מגמה | pumped up | pumped up | |
| HABAKKUK | 2 | 11 | כפיס | and knot | knot | |
| ZECHARIAH | 2 | 12 | בבה | the apple of | apple | |
| PSALMS | 18 | 46 | חרג | no longer at ease | longer ease | |
| PSALMS | 21 | 3 | ארשׁ | and the proposal of | proposal | |
| PSALMS | 37 | 35 | אזרח | like a bay tree | bay tree | |
| PSALMS | 42 | 8 | צנר | your waterfalls | waterfall | |
| PSALMS | 48 | 14 | פסג | pass between | pass between | |
| PSALMS | 50 | 20 | דפי | blemish | blemish | |
| PSALMS | 55 | 9 | סעה | storming | storm | |
| PSALMS | 58 | 9 | שׁבלול | a slug | slug | |
| PSALMS | 62 | 4 | התת | will you rail | rail | |
| PSALMS | 68 | 17 | רצד | be envious | envious | |
| PSALMS | 68 | 18 | שׁנאן | myriads | myriad | |
| PSALMS | 68 | 32 | חשׁם | ambassadors | ambassador | |
| PSALMS | 69 | 21 | נושׁ | and I am despondent | despondent | |
| PSALMS | 72 | 6 | זרזיף | soaking | soak | |
| PSALMS | 73 | 8 | מוק | they mock | mock | |
| PSALMS | 74 | 6 | כילף | and crowbars | crowbar | |
| PSALMS | 78 | 47 | חנמל | with sleet | sleet | |
| PSALMS | 80 | 14 | כרסם | wastes her | waste | |
| PSALMS | 88 | 16 | פון | I am distracted | distract | |
| PSALMS | 93 | 3 | דכי | their crushing waves | crushing wave | |
| PSALMS | 99 | 1 | נוט | let be displaced | displace | |
| PSALMS | 101 | 3 | סוט | those who fall away | fall | |
| PSALMS | 107 | 30 | מחוז | a harbour of | harbour | |
| PSALMS | 109 | 19 | מזיח | and a yoke | yoke | |
| PSALMS | 114 | 1 | לעז | exotic | exotic | |
| PSALMS | 119 | 70 | טפשׁ | inert | inert | |
| PSALMS | 119 | 131 | יאב | my longing | long | |
| PSALMS | 140 | 4 | עכשׁב | a viper | viper | |
| PSALMS | 140 | 11 | מהמרה | into watery pits | watery pit | |
| PSALMS | 144 | 13 | מזו | so our granaries | granary | |
| PROVERBS | 7 | 16 | אטון | the yarn of | yarn | |
| PROVERBS | 20 | 25 | לעע | impulsive with | impulsive | |
| PROVERBS | 21 | 14 | כפה | may pacify | pacify | |
| PROVERBS | 24 | 31 | קמושׂ | weeds | weed | |
| PROVERBS | 25 | 11 | אפן | roundly | roundly | |
| PROVERBS | 27 | 22 | עלי | with a pestle | pestle | |
| PROVERBS | 29 | 21 | פנק | indulging | indulge | |
| PROVERBS | 30 | 15 | עלק | of the leech | leech | |
| PROVERBS | 30 | 28 | שׂממית | an arachnid | arachnid | |
| JOB | 2 | 8 | גרד | to scrape | scrape | |
| JOB | 2 | 12 | מעלו | his robe | robe | |
| JOB | 6 | 10 | סלד | I leap for joy | leap joy | |
| JOB | 6 | 17 | זרב | constricted | constrict | |
| JOB | 9 | 26 | טושׂ | swooping | swoop | |
| JOB | 12 | 12 | שׁשׁי | with the timeworn is | timeworn | |
| JOB | 15 | 12 | רזם | do scowl | scowl | |
| JOB | 15 | 24 | כדר | for onslaught | onslaught | |
| JOB | 15 | 27 | פימה | grease | grease | |
| JOB | 15 | 29 | נלה | a benefaction | benefaction | |
| JOB | 16 | 15 | גלד | my scarred skin | scarred skin | |
| JOB | 17 | 1 | זעך | are extinct | extinct | |
| JOB | 18 | 2 | קנץ | a wrench | wrench | |
| JOB | 19 | 3 | הכר | to insult | insult | |
| JOB | 21 | 24 | עטן | his pail | pail | |
| JOB | 26 | 9 | פרשׁז | to strew | strew | |
| JOB | 30 | 13 | נתס | they disfigure | disfigure | |
| JOB | 30 | 25 | עגם | dolorous | dolorous | |
| JOB | 31 | 33 | חבב | in my inner core | inner core | |
| JOB | 33 | 20 | זהם | and finds foul | finds foul | |
| JOB | 33 | 24 | פדע | retrieve it | retrieve | |
| JOB | 33 | 25 | רטפשׁ | will recover the bloom of | recover bloom | |
| JOB | 35 | 15 | פשׁ | in disintegration | disintegration | |
| JOB | 38 | 16 | נבך | the fountainheads of | fountainhead | |
| JOB | 38 | 28 | אגל | the cache of | cache | |
| JOB | 38 | 36 | שׂכוי | to the sense | sense | |
| JOB | 39 | 23 | רנה | rattles | rattle | |
| JOB | 41 | 18 | עטישׁה | his sneezing | sneeze | |
| JOB | 41 | 22 | דוץ | is turned to joy | turned joy | |
| JOB | 41 | 29 | תותח | a bludgeon | bludgeon | |
| SONG | 1 | 10 | חרז | in strings of beads | strings bead | |
| SONG | 2 | 11 | סתו | winter | winter | |
| SONG | 2 | 13 | פג | her early fruit | early fruit | |
| SONG | 3 | 9 | אפריון | a palanquin | palanquin | |
| SONG | 4 | 4 | תלפיות | for an arsenal | arsenal | |
| SONG | 4 | 14 | כרכם | and saffron | saffron | |
| SONG | 5 | 3 | טנף | should I soil them | soil | |
| SONG | 6 | 11 | אגוז | nuts | nuts | |
| SONG | 7 | 3 | מזג | mixed wine | mixed wine | |
| SONG | 7 | 9 | סנסן | its tufts | tuft | |
| SONG | 7 | 10 | דבב | gliding over | glide | |
| SONG | 8 | 5 | רפק | recumbent | recumbent | |
| RUTH | 1 | 13 | עגן | you would remain shut up | remain shut up | |
| RUTH | 2 | 14 | צבט | and he plied with | ply | |
| RUTH | 2 | 16 | צבת | the bundles | bundle | |
| LAMENTATIONS | 1 | 14 | שׂקד | now lashed | lash | |
| LAMENTATIONS | 3 | 11 | פשׁח | dismembering me | dismember | |
| LAMENTATIONS | 3 | 16 | כפשׁ | he has made me cower | cower | |
| LAMENTATIONS | 4 | 2 | סלא | to be set side by side | set side side | |
| LAMENTATIONS | 4 | 8 | צפד | adheres | adhere | |
| QOHELET | 10 | 8 | גומץ | a pothole | pothole | |
| QOHELET | 12 | 12 | להג | and study | study | |
| ESTHER | 1 | 6 | בהט | marble | marble | |
| ESTHER | 1 | 6 | דר | and mother-of-pearl | mother-of-pearl | |
| ESTHER | 1 | 6 | כרפס | cotton | cotton | |
| ESTHER | 8 | 10 | רמכה | the broodmares | broodmare | |
| ESTHER | 8 | 15 | תכרית | and regalia of | regalia | |
| DANIEL | 2 | 8 | זבן | want to gain | want gain | |
| DANIEL | 2 | 8 | אנתה | you | is null | |
| DANIEL | 2 | 10 | יבשׁת | the planet | planet | |
| DANIEL | 2 | 12 | בנס | ranted | rant | |
| DANIEL | 2 | 32 | דרע | and his arms | arms | |
| DANIEL | 2 | 32 | חדי | his chest | chest | |
| DANIEL | 2 | 41 | פחר | artisan | artisan | |
| DANIEL | 3 | 21 | פטשׁ | their tunics | tunic | |
| DANIEL | 5 | 5 | ברשׁתא | the candlestick | candlestick | |
| DANIEL | 5 | 5 | גיר | the stucco | stucco | |
| DANIEL | 5 | 9 | שׁבשׁ | were astounded | astound | |
| DANIEL | 6 | 5 | שׁילה | anything amiss | anything amiss | |
| DANIEL | 6 | 7 | אלין | these | is null | |
| DANIEL | 6 | 11 | כו | and casements | casement | |
| DANIEL | 6 | 19 | טות | fasting | fast | |
| DANIEL | 6 | 25 | ארע | to the bottom of | bottom | |
| DANIEL | 7 | 5 | שׂטר | and to side | side | |
| DANIEL | 7 | 25 | סבר | and will intend | intend | |
| DANIEL | 11 | 43 | מכמן | the stash of | stash | |
| DANIEL | 11 | 45 | אפדן | his pavilion | pavilion | |
| EZRA | 4 | 13 | אפתם | and the revenue of | revenue | |
| EZRA | 4 | 23 | אדרע | with a strong arm | strong arm | |
| EZRA | 5 | 4 | אנין | are these | is null | |
| EZRA | 5 | 11 | כנמא | and thus | thus | |
| EZRA | 6 | 8 | מא | for how | is null | |
| 2 CHRONICLES | 2 | 15 | צרך | you need | need | |
| 2 CHRONICLES | 3 | 10 | צעצע | statuary | statuary | |
| 2 CHRONICLES | 36 | 16 | לעב | sneered | sneer |
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